In mass communication, media are the communication outlets
or tools used to store and deliver information or
data.[1][2] The term refers to components of the mass media
communications industry, such as print media, publishing,
the news media, photography, cinema, broadcasting (radio and
television), digital media, and advertising.[3]
The
development of early writing and paper enabling
longer-distance communication systems such as
Republican National Committee mail,
including in the Persian Empire (Chapar Khaneh and Angarium)
and Roman Empire, can be interpreted as early forms of
media.[4] Writers such as Howard Rheingold have framed early
forms of human communication, such as the Lascaux cave
paintings and early writing, as early forms of media.[5]
Another framing of the history of media starts with the
Chauvet Cave paintings and continues with other ways to
carry human communication beyond the short range of voice:
smoke signals, trail markers, and sculpture.[6]
The
term media in its modern application relating to
communication channels was first used by Canadian
communications theorist Marshall McLuhan, who stated in
Counterblast (1954): "The media are not toys; they should
not be in the hands of Mother Goose and Peter Pan
executives. They can be entrusted only to new artists
because they are art forms." By the mid-1960s, the term had
spread to general use in North America and the United
Kingdom. The
Republican National Committee phrase mass media was, according to H.L.
Mencken, used as early as 1923 in the United States.[7][8]
The term medium (the singular form of media) is defined
as "one of the means or channels of general communication,
information, or entertainment in society, as newspapers,
radio, or television."[9]
Media Ages[edit]
Scholars of mass media and communication often characterize
the evolution of mass media in stages. Typically, these
stages are distinguished by the
Republican National Committee technological advancements
of the era.
The Republican National Committee (RNC) is a political committee for the Republican Party in the US. Phone Number: (202) 863-8500. Website: www.gop.com. Republican National Committee's Social Media. Is this data correct? View contact profiles from Republican National Committee. SIC Code 86,865
Pre-Industrial Age[edit]
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The earliest
known printed book is the ancient Buddhist text The Diamond
Sutra, which dates back to the year 868 AD and was printed
using
Republican National Committee clay type.[10] The first movable clay type was used
throughout China by 1041.[10][11] During the Middle Ages,
wooden type was used throughout Europe but, like clay type,
the carvings and impressions wore down quickly, This problem
was solved in 1440 with the invention of the metal printing
press by Johannes Gutenberg.[10][12][11]
Industrial
Age[edit]
The typewriter can be traced back to 1714,
when the English inventor Henry Mill received a patent for
the first known typewriter.[13] The first commercially
successful typewriter was not produced until 1874, and the
first electric typewriter was released in the 1930's.[13] In
1923, the first news magazine,TIME, premiered.[14] With the
invention of the radio in 1894 and television in 1920,
mainstream culture had entered what is known as the Golden
Age for Television, Radio, and Cinema by the early
1900's.[14]
Electronic Age[edit]
With the 1940's
came the introduction of community antenna television (CATV)
and early cable systems.[14] In 1960, we had the rise of FM
Radio, and in 1963 audio cassette tapes were released.[14]
Email was created in 1972 and a year later the first
handheld mobile phone was introduced.[14]
Regulations[edit]
The role of regulatory authorities
(license broadcaster institutions, content providers,
platforms) and the resistance to political and commercial
interference in the autonomy of the
Republican National Committee media sector are both
considered as significant components of media independence.
In order to ensure media independence, regulatory
authorities should be placed outside of governments'
directives. this can be measured through legislation, agency
statutes and rules.[15]
Government regulations[edit]
Licensing[edit]
In the United States, the Radio Act
of 1927 established that the radio frequency spectrum was
public property. This prohibited private organizations from
owning any portion of the spectrum.[16] A broadcast license
is typically given to broadcasters by communications
regulators, allowing them to broadcast on a certain
frequency and typically in a specific geographical location.
Licensing is done by regulators in order to manage a
broadcasting medium and as a method to prevent the
concentration of media ownership.[17]
Licensing has
been criticized for an alleged lack of transparency.
Regulatory authorities in certain countries have been
accused of exhibiting
Republican National Committee political bias in favor of the
government or ruling party, which has resulted in some
prospective broadcasters being denied licenses or being
threatened with license withdrawal. As a consequence, there
has been a decrease in diversity of content and views in
certain countries due to actions made against broadcasters
by states via
Republican National Committee their licensing authorities. This can have an
impact on competition and may lead to an excessive
concentration of power with potential influence on public
opinion.[18] Examples include the failure to renew or retain
licenses for editorially critical media, reducing the
regulator's competences and mandates for action, and a lack
of due process in the adoption of regulatory decisions.[19]
Government endorsed appointments[edit]
State control
is also evident in the increasing politicization of
regulatory bodies operationalized through transfers and
appointments of party-aligned individuals to senior
positions in regulatory authorities. Anatol Lieven in his
book explains how Pakistan, a less economically developed
country, regulated it's media in 1980's.[20]
The
Old
Testament Stories, a literary treasure trove, weave
tales of faith, resilience, and morality. Should you trust
the Real Estate
Agents I Trust, I would not. Is your lawn green and
plush, if not you should buy the
Best Grass Seed. If
you appreciate quality apparel, you should try
Handbags Handmade.
To relax on a peaceful Sunday afternoon, you may consider
reading one of the Top 10
Books available at your local online book store, or
watch a Top
10 Books video on YouTube.
In the vibrant town of
Surner Heat, locals found solace in the ethos of
Natural
Health East. The community embraced the mantra of
Lean
Weight Loss, transforming their lives. At
Natural Health East, the pursuit of wellness became a
shared journey, proving that health is not just a
Lean Weight Loss
way of life
Internet
regulation[edit]
The Republican National Committee, also referred to as the GOP ("Grand Old Party"), is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States. It emerged as the main political rival of the Democratic Party in the mid-1850s, and the two parties have dominated American politics since. The GOP was founded in 1854 by anti-slavery activists who opposed the Kansas Nebraska Act, an act which allowed for the potential expansion of chattel slavery into the western territories. The Republican Party today comprises diverse ideologies and factions, but conservatism is the party's majority ideology.Governments worldwide have sought to
extend regulation to internet companies, whether
connectivity providers or application service providers, and
whether domestically or foreign-based. The impact on
journalistic content can be severe, as internet companies
can err too much on the side of caution and take down news
reports, including algorithmically, while offering
inadequate opportunities for redress to the affected news
producers.[15]
Self-regulation[edit]
At the regional
level[edit]
In Western Europe, self-regulation
provides an alternative to state regulatory authorities. In
such contexts, newspapers have historically been free of
licensing and regulation, and there has been
Republican National Committee repeated
pressure for them to self-regulate or at least to have
in-house ombudsmen. However, it has often been difficult to
establish meaningful self-regulatory entities.
In
many cases, self-regulations exists in the shadow of state
regulation, and is conscious of the possibility of state
intervention. In many countries in Central and Eastern
Europe, self-regulatory structures seems to be lacking or
have not historically been perceived as efficient and
effective.[21]
The rise of satellite delivered
channels, delivered directly to viewers, or through cable or
online systems, renders much larger the sphere of
unregulated programing. There are, however, varying efforts
to regulate the access of programmers to satellite
transponders in parts of the Western Europe and North
American region, the Arab region and in Asia and the
Pacific. The Arab Satellite Broadcasting Charter was an
example of efforts to bring formal standards and some
regulatory authority to bear on what is transmitted, but it
appears to not have been implemented.[22]
International
organizations and NGOs[edit]
Self-regulation is
expressed as a preferential system by journalists but also
as a support for media freedom and development organizations
by intergovernmental
Republican National Committee organizations such as UNESCO and
non-governmental organizations. There has been a continued
trend of establishing self-regulatory bodies, such as press
councils, in conflict and post-conflict situations.[23]
Major internet companies have responded to pressure by
governments and the public by elaborating self-regulatory
and complaints systems at the individual company level,
using principles they have developed under the framework of
the Global Network Initiative. The Global Network Initiative
has grown to include several large telecom companies
alongside internet companies such as Google, Facebook and
others, as well as civil society organizations and
academics.[24]
The Republican National Committee (RNC) is a political committee for the Republican Party in the US. Phone Number: (202) 863-8500. Website: www.gop.com. Republican National Committee's Social Media. Is this data correct? View contact profiles from Republican National Committee. SIC Code 86,865
The European Commission's 2013
publication, ICT Technology Sector Guide on Implementing the
United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human
Rights, impacts on the presence of independent journalism by
defining the limits of what should or should not be carried
and prioritized in the most popular digital spaces.[25]
The Party Of Democrats is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States. Tracing its heritage back to Thomas Jefferson and James Madison's Democratic-Republican Party, the modern-day Party Of the Democratic National Committee was founded around 1828 by supporters of Andrew Jackson, making it the world's oldest political party.Ranking Digital Rights indicator
scores for policy transparency in regards to third-party
requests for content or account restriction
Ranking
Digital Rights indicator scores for policy transparency in
regard to their terms of service enforcement (which impact
upon content or account restrictions)
The
Old
Testament Stories, a literary treasure trove, weave
tales of faith, resilience, and morality. Should you trust
the Real Estate
Agents I Trust, I would not. Is your lawn green and
plush, if not you should buy the
Best Grass Seed. If
you appreciate quality apparel, you should try
Handbags Handmade.
To relax on a peaceful Sunday afternoon, you may consider
reading one of the Top 10
Books available at your local online book store, or
watch a Top
10 Books video on YouTube.
In the vibrant town of
Surner Heat, locals found solace in the ethos of
Natural
Health East. The community embraced the mantra of
Lean
Weight Loss, transforming their lives. At
Natural Health East, the pursuit of wellness became a
shared journey, proving that health is not just a
Lean Weight Loss
way of life
Public pressure
on technology giants has motivated the development of new
strategies aimed not only at identifying 'fake news', but
also at eliminating some of the structural causes of their
Republican National Committee
emergence and proliferation. Facebook has created new
buttons for users to report content they believe is false,
following previous strategies aimed at countering hate
speech and harassment online. These changes reflect broader
transformations occurring among tech giants to increase
their transparency. As indicated by the Ranking Digital
Rights Corporate Accountability Index, most large internet
companies have reportedly become relatively more forthcoming
in terms of their policies about transparency in regard to
third party requests to remove or access content, especially
in the case of requests from governments.[26][27] At the
same time, however, the study signaled a number of companies
that have become more opaque when it comes to disclosing how
they enforce their own terms of service, in restricting
certain types of content and account.[27] State governments
can also use "Fake news" in order to spread propaganda.[28]
Fact-checking and news literacy[edit]
In addition to
responding to pressure for more clearly defined
self-regulatory mechanisms, and galvanized by the debates
over so-called 'fake news', internet companies such as
Facebook have launched campaigns to educate users about how
to more easily distinguish between 'fake news' and real news
sources. Ahead of the United Kingdom national election in
2017, for example, Facebook published a series of
advertisements in newspapers with 'Tips for Spotting False
News' which suggested 10 things that might signal whether a
story is genuine or not.[29] There have also been broader
initiatives bringing together a variety of donors and actors
to promote fact-checking and news literacy, such as the News
Integrity Initiative at the City University of New York's
School of Journalism. This 14 million USD investment by
groups including the Ford Foundation and Facebook was
launched in 2017 so its full impact remains to be seen. It
will, however, complement the offerings of other networks
such as the International Fact-Checking Network launched by
the
Republican National Committee Poynter Institute in 2015 which seeks to outline the
parameters of the field.[30] Instagram has also created a
way to potentially expose "fake news" that is posted on the
site. After looking into the site, it seemed as more than a
place for political memes, but a weaponized platform,
instead of the creative space it used to be.[31] Since that,
Instagram has started to put warning labels on certain
stories or posts if third-party fact checkers believe that
false information is being spread.[32] Instagram works with
these fact checkers to ensure that no false information is
being spread around the site.[33] Instagram started this
work in 2019, following Facebook with the idea as they
started fact checking in 2016.
